英語論文8篇

時間:2023-04-06 18:35:50

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篇1

現如今,大家都知道論文撰寫論文內容的教程都比較枯燥,針對性不強,一般不能滿足學院英語論文課程的要求,需要教師根據學生的專業特點,依據寫作教學規律,自行編寫教材。下面是學術參考網小編為朋友們搜集整理的英語論文致謝信,歡迎閱讀!

Acknowledgements

MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoProfessoraaa,mysupervisor,forherconstantencouragementandguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherconsistentandilluminatinginstruction,thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.

Second,IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoProfessoraaa,wholedmeintotheworldoftranslation.IamalsogreatlyindebtedtotheprofessorsandteachersattheDepartmentofEnglish:Professordddd,Professorssss,whohaveinstructedandhelpedmealotinthepasttwoyears.

Lastmythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis

篇2

論文致謝一:

Thecompletionofthethesisisattributedtomanypeople'ssupportandencouragement.

Firstandforemost,Iwanttoextendmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorCaoDaogen,whosepatientguidance,valuablesuggestionsandconstantencouragementmakemesuccessfullycompletethisthesis.Hisconscientiousacademicspiritandmodest,open-mindedpersonalityinspiremebothinacademicstudyanddailylife.Hegivesmemuchhelpandadviceduringthewholeprocessofmywriting,whichhasmademyaccomplishmentspossible.

Also,Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtmeinthisuniversity.Theirinstructionshavehelpedbroadenmyhorizonandtheirenlighteningteachinghasprovidedmewithasolidfoundationtoaccomplishthispaperandwillalwaysbeofgreatvalueformyfuturecareerandacademicresearch.

Mythanksalsogototheauthorswhosebooksandarticleshavegivenmeinspirationinthewritingofthispaper.

Lastbutnotleast,Iwouldliketoexpressmyspecialthankstomyparents,whosecareandsupportmotivatemetomoveonandmakemewanttobeabetterperson.

論文致謝二:

Uponfinishingthisthesis,Iwouldliketoexpressmygreatgratitudetowardsallthosewhohaveofferedmesincereassistanceinthethreeyears.

Firstandforemost,myheartythanksgotomysupervisor,ProfessorZhangRuwen,whohasgivenmeinsightfulsuggestionsandconstantencouragementbothinmystudyandinmylife.Furthermore,ProfessorZhang'spainstakingteachingandvaluableadvicehaveprofoundlycontributedtothecompletionofthepresentthesis.

Also,Iownmythankstoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtandenlighteningmeduringmystudiesinthecampus,forguidingmeinthefieldofresearchwork,whichisbothchallengingandfantastic.TheexperienceandprofitIobtainedwillbeofgrandimportancetomyfurtherstudies.

Finally,Iamalsogratefultomyfamilyandfriends,whoencourageandsupportmeandsharewithmemyworries,frustrations,andhappiness.

論文致謝三:

Iwouldlikeexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhooffergreathelpformythesis.

Firstandforemost,mydeepestgratitudegoestomysupervisorProfessorYuMuhong,forhisfather-likeencouragementandguidance.Heprovidedmewithabundantsuggestionsandpricelesscriticismsformywritingofthethesis.Butforhisconstantpatientguidanceandenlightenment,thethesiswouldhavebecomeamissionimpossible.

MysincerethanksalsogototheteachersfromtheSchoolofForeignLanguagesofZhejiangUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,whojointlyledmeintotheholytempleofacademicfield.Here,IwanttosendmygratefulnesstothoserespectedteacherslikeProf.WangBaorong,Prof.LiChangbao,Prof.ChenXianghong,Prof.ShaoYouxue,Prof.TengChao,Prof.CenQunxiaetc.Thankyouforyourbeingwithmeandbeingthewitnessesforthebirth,growthandperfectionofmythesis.

Ifeelindebtedtomyparents,withouttheirmentalandmaterialsupport,Icouldbarelyfinishthethesisontime.

Finally,mythanksshouldbesenttoallmyclassmates,fortheirendlesssupportandwarmhearts,makingmefeellikelivinginaunitedbigfamily.

論文致謝四:

Thecompletionofthethesisisattributedtomanypeople'ssupportandencouragement.

Firstandforemost,Iwanttoextendmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorCaoDaogen,whosepatientguidance,valuablesuggestionsandconstantencouragementmakemesuccessfullycompletethisthesis.Hisconscientiousacademicspiritandmodest,open-mindedpersonalityinspiremebothinacademicstudyanddailylife.Hegivesmemuchhelpandadviceduringthewholeprocessofmywriting,whichhasmademyaccomplishmentspossible.

Also,Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtmeinthisuniversity.Theirinstructionshavehelpedbroadenmyhorizonandtheirenlighteningteachinghasprovidedmewithasolidfoundationtoaccomplishthispaperandwillalwaysbeofgreatvalueformyfuturecareerandacademicresearch.

Mythanksalsogototheauthorswhosebooksandarticleshavegivenmeinspirationinthewritingofthispaper.

Lastbutnotleast,Iwouldliketoexpressmyspecialthankstomyparents,whosecareandsupportmotivatemetomoveonandmakemewanttobeabetterperson.

論文致謝五:

Uponfinishingthisthesis,Iwouldliketoexpressmygreatgratitudetowardsallthosewhohaveofferedmesincereassistanceinthethreeyears.

Firstandforemost,myheartythanksgotomysupervisor,ProfessorZhangRuwen,whohasgivenmeinsightfulsuggestionsandconstantencouragementbothinmystudyandinmylife.Furthermore,ProfessorZhang'spainstakingteachingandvaluableadvicehaveprofoundlycontributedtothecompletionofthepresentthesis.

Also,Iownmythankstoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtandenlighteningmeduringmystudiesinthecampus,forguidingmeinthefieldofresearchwork,whichisbothchallengingandfantastic.TheexperienceandprofitIobtainedwillbeofgrandimportancetomyfurtherstudies.

Finally,Iamalsogratefultomyfamilyandfriends,whoencourageandsupportmeandsharewithmemyworries,frustrations,andhappiness.

論文致謝六:

Iwouldlikeexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhooffergreathelpformythesis.

Firstandforemost,mydeepestgratitudegoestomysupervisorProfessorYuMuhong,forhisfather-likeencouragementandguidance.Heprovidedmewithabundantsuggestionsandpricelesscriticismsformywritingofthethesis.Butforhisconstantpatientguidanceandenlightenment,thethesiswouldhavebecomeamissionimpossible.

MysincerethanksalsogototheteachersfromtheSchoolofForeignLanguagesofZhejiangUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,whojointlyledmeintotheholytempleofacademicfield.Here,IwanttosendmygratefulnesstothoserespectedteacherslikeProf.WangBaorong,Prof.LiChangbao,Prof.ChenXianghong,Prof.ShaoYouxue,Prof.TengChao,Prof.CenQunxiaetc.Thankyouforyourbeingwithmeandbeingthewitnessesforthebirth,growthandperfectionofmythesis.

篇3

英語論文開題報告范例 一、論文題目:Classroom Interaction And Oral English Teaching

二、研究現狀:

對于課堂互動與英語口語教學之間的關系,國內的研究主要集中在:

(1)構建主義模式 它是以構建主義理論為基礎的互動模式,司洪海在《構建主義理論與英語口語教學》中從對現有教學模式的反思入手,探討將構建主義引入英語課堂教學的必要性、可行性及其意義和作用。盧艷春和路雅琴在《構建主義與大學英語口語課堂教學》中則分別從構建知識觀構建學習觀構建教學觀入手,強調以學生為中心的主動性、構建性。

(2)角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大學英語課堂互動教學中角色扮演探究》中著重探討了在角色扮演的互動教學中教師的作用,對指導教學實踐具有重要的意義。而黃玉蘭在《角色扮演引入英語專業口語教學中》從角色扮演是多為互動英語口語教學模式的應用探討了角色扮演這一教學方法的目的、步驟和利弊等方面。

(3)以學生為中心模式 這一模式被單獨研究的較少,黃影秋在《以學生為中心提高英語口語課堂教學效果的探索中》通過對學生口語課堂學習存在的問題的分析,提倡以學生為中心,實現教與學的雙邊互動。并提出闡述如何運用其他教學策略提高口語的教學效果,促進學生交際能力的提高。而劉蓉在《談英語口語課堂互動》中則提出了互動可以創造以學生為中心的口語課堂和整體小組作業模式,提高口語交際能力。

(4)合作性學習模式 這種模式的研究較為普遍和盛行,它興起于美國,在后來取得實質性的進展的一種教學理論與策略。黃艷在《合作性學習在大學英語課堂的應用》中提出了以下幾種合作模式,從而的出該模式的優勢所在。顧曉樂在《合作性學習與情景劇表演》中從情劇表演的角度來證明合作性學習的有效性。肖巧玲在《大學英語口語教學中的合作學習》中則通過合作學習在口語教學中的實踐探究合作學習應注意的原則。而慕東文在《合作性學習的特點、目標、內容和實踐策略》一文中,他用人文精神和平等民主合作原則,對待新的理念,指導英語口語教學。

(5)情景設置模式 它主要是根據Gillian Brown George Yuled的語言情景對第二語言習得者的交際緊張、焦慮的研究表明口語情景設置不適當,會影響學生用目標語進行交流,進而強調進行口語教學情景設置的重要性。張舍茹、孫邊旗在《英語口語教學的情景設置》中就論述我們應注意情景互動教學中應遵循的原則,及如何設置英語口語教學中情景設置的形式兩個小方面局部性的探討了情景設置這種互動模式。孫久榮在《論英語口語課的情景教學》中對情景設置這個模式從宏觀上進行了分類,進而得出開放式情景和封閉式情景,為情景設置互動模式研究開辟了一個小領域。

三、研究的目的及意義:

通過對目前已經發展起來并比較成熟的幾種互動模式的歸納來看:關于人際互動這種互動模式在目前的互動性研究中被單獨研究還比較少,沒有被當作一種獨立的模式應用到英語口語課堂教學中,它更多的是被貫穿到其他幾種互動模式當中。因此,本論題認為它還有進一步研究的空間。

四、研究的理論依據和研究方法:

本論題將以教育心理學的理論為基礎,以互動理論和構建主義理論為依據,運用歸納總結的方法對已有的研究進行宏觀上的概述,從而引出本文論題,通過例證分析、驗證人際互動模式對課堂英語口語教學效果的提高所具有的重要意義。

五、提綱:

Introduction

Chapter One Definition and Theoretical Basis of Interaction

1.1 Definition of Interaction

1.2 Theoretical Basis of Interaction

1.3 Some Main Interactive Modes in the Present Classroom

Chapter Two The Necessity And The Principles of Following InteractionTeaching Mode

2.1 The Disadvantage of Traditional Oral English Teaching Mode

2.2 The Necessity and Merit of Taking InteractionTeaching Mode

2.3 Oral English InteractionTeaching Mode Should Follow the Principles

Chapter Three Personal Interaction in the Oral English Teaching

3.1 The Relationship Between the Teacher and Students

3.2 Two Types of Personal Interaction

3.3 Classroom Climate

3.4 Classroom Size

Chapter Four The Evaluation of the Interactive Oral English Teaching Mode

4.1 Some Principles Should Follow When Evaluating

4.2 The Concept of Evaluating

4.3 The Technology of Evaluating

Conclusion

六、參考文獻

Jonssen, DHThinking Technology: Toward a Constructivist Design Model .Educational Technolgy. 3 (1994): 3435.

Littlewood, William. Communicative Language Teaching .Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .1981.

盧艷春, 路雅琴。構建主義與大學英語口語教學。 前沿雜志。 11 (2006):98100.

司洪海。構建主義理論與英語口語教學。 基礎英語教育。 4 (2005):89.

吳蕾。構建主義在英語口語教學中的應用。() 東華大學學報(社科版)。7 (2007):2324.

范雄飛, 黃玉蘭。把角色扮演引入英語專業口語教學之中。讀與寫雜志。 9 (2006):3537.

徐志敏, 王瑛。大學英語課堂互動教學中角色扮演探究。 外語研究。 8 (2006):5657.

黃影秋。以學生為中心提高英語口語課堂效果。 濟南職業學院學報。 3 (2007): 8188.

何亞娟。中學英語課堂互動教學的探索與實踐。 渭南師院學報。 12 (2004): 7273.

顧曉樂, 黃芙蓉。合作學習與情景劇表演。 國外外語教學。 2 (2004):5556.

黃艷。合作性學習在大學英語課堂的應用。 長沙大學學報。 10 (2007):145146.

慕東文。合作性學習的特點、目標、內容和實踐策略。 甘肅農業。 6 (2006):304305.

篇4

Onemajorareaofdebateiswhethermonetarypolicyandfiscalpolicyshouldberunbyactivecontrolorwhethertheyshouldbedealtwithmorepassively.OnesidebelievesthattheFedandthegovernmentcannotreacttoeconomicchangeswithenoughspeedtojustifyactivepolicyandthatinsteadpassivepolicyismoreproductiveandsafer.Theothersidebelievesthatfastactionthroughactivepolicyisthesurestandsafestwaytokeeptheeconomyontrack.

Anothermajorareaofdebateintherealmofmacroeconomicsdealswiththebudgetdeficit.Therearenumerousquestionsthatsurroundthebudgetdeficitdebate.Forinstance,shouldthebudgetbebalanced?Whatistheburdenofthenationaldebt?Whatarethelong-termeffectsofanunbalancedbudget?Theanswerstothesequestionsdivideeconomists.

ThisSparkNotecoverstwomajoreconomicpolicydebatesthatrelatedirectlytomoneyandtotheeconomy.Thesedebatesareimportantsincetheyoftendivideeconomists.Similarly,byunderstandingthesedebates,itispossibletoviewthecomplexityofmacroeconomicpolicyintherealworld.Whilemacroeconomictheoryseemsratherblackandwhite,theapplicationofthistheorytotherealworldisnowherenearthissimple.

TheFedandthegovernmentusedifferenttoolstosteertheeconomy.Recallthatmonetarypolicy,thetoolboxoftheFed,includesperformingopenmarketoperations,andchangingboththereserverequirementandthefederalfundsinterestrate.Recallalsothatfiscalpolicy,thetoolboxofthegovernment,includeschangingbothtaxesandgovernmentspending.

Allofthesetoolscanbecontrolledactively.Thatis,iftheFedorthegovernmentdecidetouseexpansionarypolicy,theycansimplyselectatoolfromthepolicytoolboxanduseit.Inthisway,activepolicyisdefinedasactionsbytheFedorbythegovernmentthataredoneinresponsetoeconomicconditions.Thatis,theFedorthegovernmentchoosetorespondtosomethingintheeconomybyundertakingaspecificpolicy.Thisisalsocalleddiscretionarypolicy.

Activepolicy,whilesimple,isopentoanumberofdifficulties.BecauseitreliesontheactionsandexperiencesofthepolicymakersintheFedandinthegovernment,theweaknessesorprejudicesofthesepolicymakerscanbetranslatedintoofficialeconomicpolicy.Forinstance,duringelectionyears,acentralbankermaypursuepolicythatenablestheeconomytogrowintheshortrun,regardlessofthelong-termeffects,inordertohelpacandidate.Ontheotherhand,thecentralbankermaycontracttheeconomytohurtacandidate.Similarly,itwouldbepossibleforthepolicymakerstopursuepoliciesthatachievetheirselfishendsratherthanthosethatarebestfortheeconomyatlarge.Finally,withactivepolicy,policymakerscansayonethinganddoanother.Theremaybebenefitstomakingthepublicbelievethatsomethingdifferentisoccurringintheeconomyratherthanwhatactuallyisoccurring.Forinstance,iftheFedwantstoincreaseinvestment,itcouldusedeceptionbyclaimingthatitraisedinterestrateswhilenotactuallydoingso.Inthisscenario,privateinvestorswouldsavemorebutinvestmentwouldremainattheoldlevelorevenincrease.Thus,itisreasonabletoclaimthatactivepolicyleavesmonetarypolicyandfiscalpolicyopentonotonlyaccidentalhumanerrorbutalsotomaliciousandself-servingacts.

Buttherearesomeadvantagestoactivepolicy.Activepolicyallowspolicymakerstorespondtoshiftsinacomplexeconomyandsteertheeconomyintheoptimaldirection.Forinstance,anexcellentpolicymakermaybeabletokeeptheeconomygrowingsteadilywithoutinflationifsheisgivencompletecontrolofmacroeconomicpolicy.Similarly,activepolicy,atleastintheory,givescontroltothoseindividualswhoareconsideredoptimallycapabletodealwiththefluctuationsintheeconomy.Thatis,activepolicyallowsthesharpestpolicymakersofthetimetocontroltheeconomy.Finally,theabilitytocreatedifferentexpectationsbetweenthepolicymakersandthepubliccanbeanadvantageouspolicytool,asdescribedinthepreviousparagraph.

篇5

Duringthemid1780s,thegovernmentundertheArticlesofConfederationprovedunabletosuccessfullylevyandcollecttaxes,andunabletocarryoutthebasicrequirementsofdiplomacy.Thenationwasindangerofbreakingapart.AfterShays''''RebellionalertedmanyAmericanstotheweaknessofthecurrentnationalgovernment,politicalleadersdecidedtoaltertheframeworkofgovernmentunderwhichtheUnitedStatesoperated.

TheConstitutionalConventionmetinPhiladelphiaanddeterminedthatitwasinthenation''''sbestinteresttocreateanentirelynewframeworkofgovernment.Fornearlyfourmonths,thedelegatesattheconventiondeliberatedonhowbesttoaccomplishthisrebuildingeffort.TheConstitution,theresultoftheseproceedings,setsoutthetripartitesystemofgovernmentthatisstillinplaceintheUStoday.ItcreatedabicamerallegislatureconsistingoftheHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate,anexecutivebranchheadedbythepresidentandstaffedbythecabinet,andprovidedfortheestablishmentofajudicialbranch,consistingofafederal-courtsystemheadedbytheSupremeCourt.

AlthoughtheConstitutionestablishedthebasicframeworkofgovernment,itswordingwasvagueinregardtothedetails.Thus,thefirstCongressundertheConstitutionandthefirstPresident,GeorgeWashington,wereresponsibleforworkingoutthedetailsofgovernance.InthefirstyearsofthenewUnitedStates,WashingtonandtheCongresscreated,amongotherthings,thenowacceptedtraditionsofthecabinetandthejudicialsystem.Theprecedentstheysetestablishedthestandardoperatingprocedureofthenationalgovernmentforyearstocome.

篇6

UnlikemanyBritishsocialistsinthe1930sand1940s,OrwellwasnotenamoredoftheSovietUnionanditspolicies,nordidheconsidertheSovietUnionapositiverepresentationofthepossibilitiesofsocialistsociety.HecouldnotturnablindeyetothecrueltiesandhypocrisiesofSovietCommunistParty,whichhadoverturnedthesemifeudalsystemofthetsarsonlytoreplaceitwiththedictatorialreignofJosephStalin.Orwellbecameasharpcriticofbothcapitalismandcommunism,andisrememberedchieflyasanadvocateoffreedomandacommittedopponentofcommunistoppression.Histwogreatestanti-totalitariannovels—AnimalFarmand1984—formthebasisofhisreputation.Orwelldiedin1950,onlyayearaftercompleting1984,whichmanyconsiderhismasterpiece.

Adystopiannovel,1984attackstheideaoftotalitariancommunism(apoliticalsysteminwhichonerulingpartyplansandcontrolsthecollectivesocialactionofastate)bypaintingaterrifyingpictureofaworldinwhichpersonalfreedomisnonexistent.AnimalFarm,writtenin1945,dealswithsimilarthemesbutinashorterandsomewhatsimplerformat.A“fairystory”inthestyleofAesop''''sfables,itusesanimalsonanEnglishfarmtotellthehistoryofSovietcommunism.CertainanimalsarebaseddirectlyonCommunistPartyleaders:thepigsNapoleonandSnowball,forexample,arefigurationsofJosephStalinandLeonTrotsky,respectively.Orwellusestheformofthefableforanumberofaestheticandpoliticalreasons.Tobetterunderstandthese,itishelpfultoknowatleasttherudimentsofSoviethistoryunderCommunistPartyrule,beginningwiththeOctoberRevolutionof1917.

InFebruary1917,TsarNicholasII,themonarchofRussia,abdicatedandthesocialistAlexanderKerenskybecamepremier.AttheendofOctober(November7oncurrentcalendars),Kerenskywasousted,andVladimirLenin,thearchitectoftheRussianRevolution,becamechiefcommissar.Almostimmediately,aswarsragedonvirtuallyeveryRussianfront,Lenin''''schiefalliesbeganjockeyingforpowerinthenewlyformedstate;themostinfluentialincludedJosephStalin,LeonTrotsky,GregoryZinoviev,andLevKamenev.TrotskyandStalinemergedasthemostlikelyheirstoLenin''''svastpower.Trotskywasapopularandcharismaticleader,famousforhisimpassionedspeeches,whilethetaciturnStalinpreferredtoconsolidatehispowerbehindthescenes.AfterLenin''''sdeathin1924,StalinorchestratedanallianceagainstTrotskythatincludedhimself,Zinoviev,andKaminev.Inthefollowingyears,StalinsucceededinbecomingtheunquestioneddictatoroftheSovietUnionandhadTrotskyexpelledfirstfromMoscow,thenfromtheCommunistParty,andfinallyfromRussiaaltogetherin1936.TrotskyfledtoMexico,wherehewasassassinatedonStalin''''sordersin1940.

In1934,Stalin''''sallySergeKirovwasassassinatedinLeningrad,promptingStalintocommencehisinfamouspurgesoftheCommunistParty.Holding“showtrials”—trialswhoseoutcomesheandhisallieshadalreadydecided—StalinhadhisopponentsofficiallydenouncedasparticipantsinTrotskyistoranti-Stalinistconspiraciesandthereforeas“enemiesofthepeople,”anappellationthatguaranteedtheirimmediateexecution.AstheSovietgovernment''''seconomicplanningfalteredandfailed,Russiasufferedunderasurgeofviolence,fear,andstarvation.Stalinusedhisformeropponentasatooltoplacatethewretchedpopulace.Trotskybecameacommonnationalenemyandthusasourceofnegativeunity.Hewasafrighteningspecterusedtoconjurehorrifyingeventualities,incomparisonwithwhichthecurrentmiserypaled.Additionally,byassociatinghisenemieswithTrotsky''''sname,StalincouldensuretheirimmediateandautomaticeliminationfromtheCommunistParty.

TheseandmanyotherdevelopmentsinSoviethistorybefore1945havedirectparallelsinAnimalFarm:NapoleonoustsSnowballfromthefarmand,afterthewindmillcollapses,usesSnowballinhispurgesjustasStalinusedTrotsky.Similarly,Napoleonbecomesadictator,whileSnowballisneverheardfromagain.OrwellwasinspiredtowriteAnimalFarminpartbyhisexperiencesinaTrotskyistgroupduringtheSpanishCivilWar,andSnowballcertainlyreceivesamoresympatheticportrayalthanNapoleon.ButthoughAnimalFarmwaswrittenasanattackonaspecificgovernment,itsgeneralthemesofoppression,suffering,andinjusticehavefarbroaderapplication;modernreadershavecometoseeOrwell''''sbookasapowerfulattackonanypolitical,rhetorical,ormilitarypowerthatseekstocontrolhumanbeingsunjustly.

HistoricalContext

Russiansocietyintheearlytwentiethcenturywasbipolar:atinyminoritycontrolledmostofthecountry''''swealth,whilethevastmajorityofthecountry''''munismaroseinRussiawhenthenation''''sworkersandpeasants,assistedbyaclassofconcernedintellectualsknownastheintelligentsia,rebelledagainstandoverwhelmedthewealthyandpowerfulclassofcapitalistsandaristocrats.TheyhopedtoestablishasocialistutopiabasedontheprinciplesoftheGermaneconomicandpoliticalphilosopherKarlMarx.

篇7

這類歌曲主要適用于初進校門的孩子,如Goodmorning,Goodafternoon和Nicetomeetyou等歌曲。通過這些簡單易懂、韻律優美的英語歌曲,孩子們能夠學會簡單的問候語,同時也對孩子們進行了禮儀教育和思想教育。

2.利用英語歌曲學習祈使句

祈使句是日常生活中用得最多、最口語化的句型。可利用的這類歌曲很多,如Let’sgonow,Lookatmydoll,Let’ssinganddance,Ifyou’rehappy等等。這些歌曲的風格大多節奏明快、輕松活潑、動作感強,最適合小學生,也最受他們的歡迎。教師在教唱的過程中,輔之相應的動作和豐富的表情,課堂上的氣氛頓時活躍起來。學唱這類歌曲的方法很多,如獨唱、合唱、分小組唱、男女對唱等,形式多樣。

3.利用英語歌曲幫助日常交流

這類歌曲很多,覆蓋面最廣,常常涉及到五個“W”—who/what/where/when/why和一個“h”---how,如What’syourname?Howoldareyou?WhereisMickeyMouse?等。這類歌曲與課本內容聯系很密切,往往就是一節課的主要內容。但是,這些歌曲的歌詞也相對比較復雜,比較適合語音、語調和語感較好的中、高年級學生。

4.利用英語歌曲學習表達思想

在歌曲教學中,教師豐富的表情、生動的語言和多彩的道具,構成了一場場出色的歌舞劇。教師是出色的編導,而可愛的學生就成了出色的演員。

5.利用英語歌曲學習語法

篇8

(一)研究問題

學習者和雇主需求為旅游英語教材編寫帶來了哪些建議?如果在現有旅游英語教材中融入本土化人文地理風情,那么應該從哪些方面進行改編?

(二)數據收集方法與分析方法

本研究通過針對學生的問卷和針對雇主的訪談收集相關數據。問卷設計首先經過了15人小組的預備實驗階段,在此基礎上最終確定了問卷上的15道題,具體包括:背景資料(第1~4題)、個人需求(第5~10題)、職業需求(第11~15題)。問卷共有13個選擇題,兩個問答題。對訪談問題的設計是先對一人進行電話訪談,最終確定訪談基本問題,分屬期望、建議。分析方法屬于群體描寫和比較。

(三)研究對象

本研究問卷對象為新疆六所院校英語和旅游管理專科三年級共六個班196名學生,其中男生39名,其余為女生。他們經歷了暑假實習階段并且正在經歷求職,對旅游英語課和教材都有較為深刻的體會和認識。訪談對象為當地七家旅行社人力資源專員或主管。

(四)問卷填寫情況和訪談記錄情況

本研究雖涉及人數多,但課題組成員親自發放問卷,協同各班任課教師監督填寫,學生填寫問卷狀況很好,發放196份,回收196份。在問卷主觀題部分,超半數學生的答案字數在30字以上,有效率很高。訪談全程用錄音筆錄音,并由課題組成員對錄音部分答案進行抄錄。

二、研究發現與討論

(一)問卷調查

結果背景資料環節的設計旨在了解學生對本專業的態度和過去實習、兼職的工作經歷。83%的學生有過擔任景區講解員或者導游助理的經歷,9%的學生有過獨立從事導游工作的經歷,只有8%的學生無直接職業相關工作經歷。但在對本專業未來就業方向的調查問題上,高達70%的學生表示畢業后會從事旅游方面的工作,這在很大程度上說明新疆旅游職業前景還是有很大的發展潛力的。24%的學生表示畢業后不愿意從事相關工作,僅有6%的學生態度不明確,不確定以后是否會從事這類工作。個人需求環節意在調查學生對現行旅游英語教材的態度。57%的學生認為現行教材涉及中國傳統特色詞匯面過大,比如:有多數學生在此環節的開放性問題的答案里提到,叉燒包、水燈等詞匯和潑水節等文化背景知識的介紹幾乎不會在他們的從業生涯中遇到,因為多數人會選擇在本地就業,因此,應該讓教材突出本土化詞匯,如抓飯、馕、拌面、古爾邦節等詞匯和相關民族文化背景。36%的學生表示教材的課文里部分導游詞過長,并且章節之間導游詞的編排沒有體現模板型特點,無法讓他們對本土地理人文風情進行仿照改編或者加工,應該形成一定的“體”。職業需求環節則圍繞學生對已經學到的旅游英語知識在實踐中的應用情況以及教材欠缺但在實踐中重要的知識展開調查。在這個環節中,僅有7%的學生認為以往的旅游英語教材學習對他們的實習工作或兼職工作有幫助,這個數據的有效性還值得進一步推敲,因為學生在學習中的努力程度是不一樣的,所以,他們對學習效果的主觀感受和評價并不完全可靠。不過,超過80%的學生表示應當強化教材的聽說部分,尤其是聽力部分。同時,面對“學生最希望的聽力素材選擇方面”這個問題,更多學生希望聽力內容不要全部是標準的英音或美音,而應該加入新疆臨邊國家口音的英語聽力。這是一項很有意義的發現,因為隨著大學英語教學體制的改革,聽力的比重在增加,但采用的多是標準音,這導致學生在實際工作中遇到英語非母語的人士說英語時自己卻完全聽不懂的情況,在這種情況下,即使學生自己可以很流利地說英語,交流依然是困難的。

(二)訪談結果

在1~3題“期望”這個環節,面對第二題“在招募雇員時,你最看重他們哪方面的英語能力”這一問題,受訪者有很大程度上的共識,都重視畢業生對專屬崗位具有較強的聽說和書面翻譯能力以及具有當地特色的英語表達能力,尤其是可以流利地利用英語表達地域特產商品的能力。這一點與學生的職業需求不謀而合,可見在旅游英語教材中融入地域特色的重要性。在同樣的環節,訪談結果差異較大的是第三題:“你期待新雇員非常熟悉與外國人交流的禮儀和禁忌嗎?”相對大型的旅行社人力資源專員表示這一點很重要,會直接影響以后的國際接待,而小規模旅行社表示,與之合作的外籍游客比較固定,雇員在達到參與國外游客旅行項目資格時,首先會接受一定的培訓,所以,是否熟悉與外國人交流的禮儀和禁忌就不那么重要了。在第二個環節訪談中,各旅行社人力資源專員所給的建議綜合起來有以下幾個方面:第一,熟悉新疆地理環境,可以用英語表達特色地貌特點;第二,導游詞不要過于書面化,不能像背書一樣給游客背出來,而應采用幽默風趣的方式;第三,新疆與中亞五國聯系緊密,客源也相對充足,應該更熟悉這些國家的風俗習慣。

三、結論

需求分析是評估教材效度以及決定是否開設一門課程的前提。學習者需求分析和雇主需求分析為教材制定的合理與否提供了實踐基礎。本次調查研究發現,學習者和雇主都強調旅游英語教材本土化的重要性。本土化的重點在于研究本土旅游文化,要結合本地英語導游典型工作任務來整合新疆旅游文化。此外,教材中的聽說比例應該加大,尤其是要囊括邊界國的口音聽力,這同時也是學習者的訴求。本次調查研究的結論總結起來主要表現在:

(一)現有的旅游英語教材過度夸大了傳統特色詞匯的廣度,忽視了其深度;

(二)現有教材中的導游詞文本不夠深入淺出,并且過分集中在中國傳統著名景觀而幾乎不涉及具有當地特色的人文地理風情;

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